Individualism

But regardless how various the philosophical premises, all philosophic frameworks sh are one or both of the following: (1) they either assume some distinct metaphysical view of the human assortment and human temper; or (2) they develop some formal methodology for inquiry. time these metaphysical or methodological systems guide us toward comprehending the world, they simultaneously bring into being limitations to our discretion. By dictating the one proper way to view the world, we are denied the experience of viewing the world in a contrastive fashion.

Some examples may be in order. If society accepts a purely mechanical model of governmental philosophy in which human nature and the universe are explained by credit entry to matter and motion, then any discussion about apparitional determine and non-physical events is philosophically irrelevant. Similarly, if the just appropriate model of outline is the empirical method of science in which hypotheses are substantiate through observable events, then such issues as theology and enlightened introspection must be ignored. Conversely, if the model of depth psychology emphasizes the spiritual and immaterial aspects of life, then considerations of matter, observable events and scientific " fact" become unimportant.

The point is that philosophical models of the world-"paradigms" of under

Dahl, R. (1976). Modern policy-making analysis. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

to a greater extent than anything else, empiricism is humanism. Existentialist cerebration affirms as its highest priority the independence of human beings in armed service as the sole source of all values and political philosophies. Existentialism deplores the tendency of individuals to shy away from the responsibility of our license by leaning on false doctrines of predetermined values. standardised it or,not, human beings are condemned to be free.

In a way, existential vista also can participate in this plight of political philosophy, providing simultaneous guidance and limits to human understanding.

But in an an separate(prenominal) sense, existential philosophy is quite unique from other models of political philosophy-sufficiently unique as to avoid the stringent limitations of other political philosophies and open up the potential for an ever-broader approach to political inquiry and human knowledge. One of the central problems of existential thought is precisely that it can find no absolute values in the traditional sense, no limits that can be emphatically true, no frameworks that can be assumed as given. More accurately, what is "given" in the existential sense is not a physical or spiritual set of absolutes, but only the given existence of human beings-beings that are capable of freedom and action and instilling import to life. Instead of discovering the true nature of humanity, humanity under the existentialist model creates its own purpose, meaning and nature.

But existentialism is racked by a philosophical dichotomy. While it rejects schools of thought that define human nature and the universe, and thus need some form of predeterminism, existentialism itself is founded upon philosophical tenets about the world and role of human beings in that world. Existentialism revolts against any kind of system-philosophical, religious or political-that arbitrarily limits human freedom and our understanding of the
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