Attitude and Violence

Other restraints, which are mentioned precisely understated in the saga, were bringing it under greater retain in Iceland by the late 10th century.

In the harsh, wintry climes of the north, the Germanic tribes which settled in Scandinavia developed by the one-sixth or seventh centuries into a warrior-farmer caste orderliness. Scandinavian society valued in its leadership class (of which the protagonists in the saga were a part) courage, daring, passion, contempt for death, ruthlessness, munificence and poetic skills (qualities which appear in the saga) (Bronsted 256). rigidly hierarchical, the rulers or chieftains, related by kinship, "enjoyed finical legal privileges, and special rights and duties . . . presumably for the protection they offered the folk" (Loyn 15). They ruled over easy farmers who themselves owned Celtic and other slaves in thralldom. Polytheistic, Scandinavians believed in gods manage Odin and Thor, the god of thunder who regulated the weather, who were cunning, cruel and overpowering. Their fallen warriors feasted and fought with all(prenominal) other even after death in Odin's Vahalla. The family was the overabundant unit, "members of it are bound to assist and, if need be, avenge from each one other and the honor of the family is supreme" (Bronsted 256).

Iceland was settled by Norwegians surrounded by 870 and 1030. As the saga points out, "it was law in those days for anyone who honey oilght himself wronged by another to challenge him to [an] . . .

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Bronsted, Johannes. The Vikings. capital of the United Kingdom: Pelican Books, 1950.

Gunnlaug Wormtongue Saga. n.p.p.: n.p., n.d.

Perpetua kept a diary of her ordeal in Greek. She sublimely and bravely submitted to her fate in accordance with the teachings of Christ. Fortified by her fervent faith in her saviour, Perpetua ignored her distraught's father's pleas that she recant and told her captors that "thou judgest us . . . and God thee" (Geary 83 and 87). She, like others of the flock, believed in the immortality of the soul, and that she was close to to enter the Kingdom of Heaven, visions of which she saw in prison. Aforca says that among the faithful in those times "the second coming of Jesus was expected at any moment" (77). Fox says that "Perpetua's dreams saw her trial as a triumph over Satan, in which Christ was . . . a constant presence" (439).

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